Izindaba

Ukuthuthukiswa kweunsaturated polyester resinimikhiqizo inomlando weminyaka engaphezu kuka-70. Esikhathini esifushane kangaka, imikhiqizo ye-polyester resin engagcwalisiwe ithuthuke ngokushesha ngokuya ngokuphuma kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe. Njengoba imikhiqizo yangaphambili ye-polyester resin ithuthuke yaba enye yezinhlobo ezinkulu embonini ye-thermosetting resin. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwama-polyester resins angasetshenzisiwe, ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe kumalungelo obunikazi bomkhiqizo, omagazini bebhizinisi, izincwadi zobuchwepheshe, njll. Kuze kube manje, kunamakhulu amalungelo obunikazi asunguliwe minyaka yonke, ahlobene neresin ye-polyester engagcwele. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa i-polyester resin engagcwalisiwe sebukhule ngokwengeziwe ngokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza, futhi kancane kancane sebukhe uhlelo lwayo oluyingqayizivele noluphelele lobuchwepheshe lokukhiqiza kanye nethiyori yokufaka isicelo. Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa edlule, ama-polyester resins angasetshenzisiwe enze umnikelo okhethekile ekusetshenzisweni okujwayelekile. Ngokuzayo, izothuthukela kwezinye izinkambu ezinenhloso ekhethekile, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, izindleko zama-resin ezihlosiwe zizoncishiswa. Okulandelayo ezinye izinhlobo ezithakazelisayo nezithembisayo ze-polyester engagcwalisiwe, okuhlanganisa: inhlaka eshwabene ephansi, inhlaka ebushela ilangabi, inhlaka eqinile, i-styrene volatilization resin, i-resin engagqwali, i-gel coat resin, inhlaka epholisa kalula enezakhiwo ezikhethekile, kanye neminwe yesihlahla esebenza kahle kakhulu ehlanganiswe nezinto ezintsha zokusetshenziswa nezinqubo.

1.I-resin yokuncipha ephansi

Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwe-resin kungase kube isihloko esidala. I-polyester resin engenalutho ihambisana nokuncipha okukhulu ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, futhi izinga lokuncipha kwevolumu elijwayelekile liyi-6-10%. Lokhu kushwabana kungakhubaza kakhulu noma kuqhekeze izinto, hhayi kunqubo yokubumba yokucindezelwa (SMC, BMC). Ukuze unqobe lokhu kushiyeka, ama-thermoplastic resins ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengezithasiselo ezinciphayo eziphansi. Ilungelo lobunikazi kule ndawo lakhishelwa i-DuPont ngo-1934, inombolo yelungelo lobunikazi US 1.945,307. Ilungelo lobunikazi lichaza i-copolymerization yama-dibasic antelopelic acid anezinhlanganisela ze-vinyl. Ngokusobala, ngaleso sikhathi, leli lungelo lobunikazi laliphayona ubuchwepheshe obuphansi bokushwabana kwezinhlaka ze-polyester. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abantu abaningi baye bazinikela ekutadisheni izinhlelo ze-copolymer, ezazibhekwa njengama-alloys epulasitiki. Ngo-1966 ama-resin kaMarco ancipha aqala ukusetshenziswa ekubumbeni nasekukhiqizeni izimboni.

I-Plastics Industry Association kamuva yabiza lo mkhiqizo ngokuthi "i-SMC", okusho ukuthi inhlanganisela yokubumba amashidi, kanye nenhlanganisela yayo ye-low-shrinkage premix "BMC" isho inhlanganisela yokubumba ngobuningi. Kumashidi e-SMC, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthi izingxenye ezibunjwe nge-resin zibe nokubekezelela okuhle, ukuguquguquka kanye nesicwebezelisi se-A-grade, kanye nemifantu emincane ebusweni kufanele kugwenywe, okudinga ukuthi inhlaka efaniswayo ibe nenani eliphansi lokushwabana. Yiqiniso, amalungelo obunikazi amaningi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi athuthukile futhi athuthukisa lobu buchwepheshe, futhi ukuqonda indlela yomphumela wokunciphisa kancane kancane kancane kwavuthwa, futhi ama-ejenti ahlukahlukene anciphisa kancane noma izithasiselo ezisezingeni eliphansi ziye zavela njengoba izikhathi zidinga. Izithasiselo ezivame ukusetshenziswa eziphansi zokushwabana yi-polystyrene, i-polymethyl methacrylate nokunye okunjalo.

I-drtgf (1) 2.I-resin evimbela amalangabi

Kwesinye isikhathi izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zibaluleke njengokuhlenga izidakamizwa, futhi izinto ezivimbela amalangabi zingagwema noma zehlise ukwenzeka kwezinhlekelele. E-Europe, isibalo sokushona komlilo sehle cishe ngamaphesenti angama-20 kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinqamuleli zomlilo. Ukuphepha kwezinto ezivimba amalangabi nakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuyinqubo ehamba kancane futhi enzima ukulinganisa uhlobo lwezinto ezisetshenziswa embonini. Njengamanje, i-European Community ine futhi yenza ukuhlolwa kwengozi kuma-halogen amaningi asekelwe ku-halogen kanye ne-halogen-phosphorus retardants. , eziningi zazo ezizoqedwa phakathi kuka-2004 no-2006. Njengamanje, izwe lethu ngokuvamile lisebenzisa ama-diol ane-chlorine noma ane-bromine noma izithasiselo ze-dibasic acid halogen njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze kulungiswe izinhlaka ezibushela ilangabi ezisebenzayo. Ama-halogen flame retardants azokhipha intuthu eningi lapho esha, futhi ahambisana nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen halide ecasula kakhulu. Intuthu eminyene kanye nentuthu enobuthi ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusha idala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu.

I-drtgf (2)

Izingozi zomlilo ezingaphezu kuka-80% zidalwa yilokhu. Okunye okungalungile kokusebenzisa i-bromine noma i-hydrogen-based retardants ukuthi amagesi angcolisa imvelo azokhiqizwa lapho eshiswa, okuzoholela ekulimaleni kwezingxenye zikagesi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inorganic flame retardants efana ne-hydrated alumina, i-magnesium, i-canopy, i-molybdenum compounds nezinye izithasiselo ezivimbela ilangabi kungakhiqiza intuthu ephansi kanye ne-toxicity ephansi ye-retardant resins, nakuba kunemiphumela ecacile yokunciphisa intuthu. Kodwa-ke, uma inani le-inorganic flame retardant filler likhulu kakhulu, ngeke nje ukwanda kwe-viscosity ye-resin kukhuphuke, okungahambisani nokwakhiwa, kodwa futhi lapho inani elikhulu le-additive flame retardant lifakwa ku-resin, lizothinta. amandla kagesi kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi ze-resin ngemva kokwelapha.

Njengamanje, amalungelo obunikazi amaningi angaphandle abike ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa ama-flame retardants asekelwe ku-phosphorus ukukhiqiza ama-resin anobuthi obuncane kanye nentuthu ephansi ye-retardant retardant. Ama-flame retardants asekelwe ku-phosphorus anomphumela omkhulu wokunqanda ilangabi. I-metaphosphoric acid ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusha ingenziwa i-polymerized ibe yisimo se-polymer ezinzile, yakha ungqimba oluvikelayo, imboze ubuso bento evuthayo, ihlukanise i-oxygen, ikhuthaze ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kanye ne-carbonization yendawo ye-resin, futhi yakhe ifilimu evikelayo ye-carbonized. Ngaleyo ndlela ukuvimbela ukusha futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ama-flame retardants asekelwe ku-phosphorus angasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-halogen flame retardants, enomphumela ocacile we-synergistic. Yiqiniso, isiqondiso socwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo se-resin retardant resin yintuthu ephansi, ubuthi obuphansi kanye nezindleko eziphansi. I-resin efanelekile ayinantuthu, inobuthi obuphansi, inezindleko eziphansi, ayiphazamisi inhlaka, inezinto ezibonakalayo zemvelo, ayidingi ukwengeza izinto ezengeziwe, futhi ingakhiqizwa ngokuqondile embonini yokukhiqiza inhlaka.

3.I-resin eqinile

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo zokuqala ze-polyester resin ezingafakwanga, ukuqina kwamanje kwe-resin kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa kwemboni engaphansi komfula we-polyester resin engagcwalisiwe, izidingo ezintsha ezengeziwe zibekwe phambili ekusebenzeni kwe-unsaturated resin, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuqina. Ukuqina kwama-resin angagcwele ngemuva kokwelashwa sekucishe kube yinkinga ebalulekile evimbela ukwakhiwa kwama-resin angagcwele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhiqizo wezandla owenziwe ukhonkolo noma umkhiqizo obunjiwe noma oyisilonda, ukunwetshwa ngesikhathi sekhefu kuba inkomba ebalulekile yokuhlola ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ye-resin.

Njengamanje, abanye abakhiqizi bakwamanye amazwe basebenzisa indlela yokwengeza i-resin egcwele ukuze bathuthukise ukuqina. Njengokwengeza i-polyester egcwele, irabha ye-styrene-butadiene kanye nerabha ye-carboxy-terinated (suo-) ye-styrene-butadiene, njll., le ndlela ingeyendlela yokuqinisa umzimba. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukwethula ama-block polymers ochungechungeni oluyinhloko lwe-polyester engasetshenzisiwe, njengesakhiwo senethiwekhi esingena ngaphakathi esakhiwe yi-resin ye-polyester engasetshenzisiwe kanye ne-epoxy resin ne-polyurethane resin, ethuthukisa kakhulu amandla okubamba kanye namandla omthelela we-resin. , le ndlela yokuqinisa ingeyendlela yokuqinisa amakhemikhali. Inhlanganisela yokuqina komzimba kanye nokuqiniswa kwamakhemikhali nakho kungasetshenziswa, njengokuxuba i-polyester engagcwalisiwe esebenza kakhulu nezinto ezingasasebenzi kangako ukuze kuzuzwe ukuguquguquka okufiswayo.

Njengamanje, amashidi e-SMC asetshenziswe kabanzi embonini yezimoto ngenxa yesisindo sawo esilula, amandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokuguquguquka kokuklama. Ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile ezifana namaphaneli ezimoto, iminyango yangemuva, namaphaneli angaphandle, ukuqina okuhle kuyadingeka, njengamaphaneli angaphandle ezimoto. Onogada bangakwazi ukugoba babuyele emuva ngokwezinga elilinganiselwe futhi babuyele esimweni sabo sangempela ngemva komthelela omncane. Ukwandisa ukuqina kwe-resin kuvame ukulahlekelwa ezinye izici ze-resin, njengokuqina, amandla aguqukayo, ukumelana nokushisa, kanye nesivinini sokuphulukisa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwe-resin ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ezinye izakhiwo ezingokwemvelo ze-resin sekuyisihloko esibalulekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwama-polyester angagcwele.

4.I-styrene ephansi eguquguqukayo

Enqubweni yokucubungula i-polyester resin engasetshenzisiwe, i-styrene enobuthi eguquguqukayo izodala umonakalo omkhulu empilweni yabasebenzi bokwakha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-styrene ikhishwa emoyeni, okuzophinde kubangele ukungcoliswa komoya okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, iziphathimandla eziningi zikhawulela ukugxila okuvumelekile kwe-styrene emoyeni weshabhu yokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, e-United States, izinga layo lokuchayeka elivumelekile (izinga lokuchayeka elivumelekile) lingu-50ppm, kuyilapho e-Switzerland inani layo le-PEL lingu-25ppm, okuqukethwe okuphansi okunjalo akulula ukukuzuza. Ukuthembela ekungeneni komoya okuqinile nakho kulinganiselwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukungena komoya okunamandla kuzophinde kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwe-styrene ebusweni bomkhiqizo kanye nokuvuthwa kwenani elikhulu le-styrene emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola indlela yokunciphisa i-volatilization ye-styrene, kusukela empandeni, kusadingeka ukuqedela lo msebenzi esitshalweni sokukhiqiza i-resin. Lokhu kudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwe-low styrene volatility (LSE) resin engangcolisi noma ingcolise kancane umoya, noma ama-polyester angagcwele ngaphandle kwama-styrene monomers.

Ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwama-monomers aguquguqukayo kube yisihloko esathuthukiswa imboni yangaphandle ye-polyester resin engagcwele eminyakeni yamuva. Kunezindlela eziningi ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje: (1) indlela yokwengeza ama-inhibitors aphansi; (2) ukwakhiwa kwezinsalela ze-polyester ezingagcwalisiwe ngaphandle kwe-styrene monomers kusebenzisa i-divinyl, i-vinylmethylbenzene, i-α-methyl Styrene esikhundleni sama-vinyl monomers aqukethe ama-styrene monomers; (3) Ukwakhiwa kwezinsalela ze-polyester ezingasetshenzisiwe ezinama-styrene monomers aphansi ukusebenzisa ama-monomers angenhla kanye nama-styrene monomers ndawonye, njengokusebenzisa i-diallyl phthalate Ukusetshenziswa kwama-vinyl monomers abilayo afana nama-ester nama-acrylic copolymer ane-styrene monomers: (4) Enye indlela yokunciphisa i-volatilization ye-styrene ukwethula amanye amayunithi afana ne-dicyclopentadiene kanye nokuphuma kwayo ku-unsaturated polyester Resin skeleton, ukuze kuzuzwe i-viscosity ephansi, futhi ekugcineni kunciphise okuqukethwe kwe-styrene monomer.

Ekufuneni indlela yokuxazulula inkinga ye-styrene volatilization, kuyadingeka ukuthi kucutshungulwe ngokuphelele ukusebenza kwe-resin ezindleleni ezikhona zokubumba ezifana nokufafaza komhlaba, inqubo ye-lamination, inqubo yokubumba ye-SMC, izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, kanye ukuhambisana nesistimu ye-resin. , I-resin reactivity, viscosity, izakhiwo zemishini ye-resin ngemva kokubunjwa, njll. Ezweni lami, awukho umthetho ocacile wokukhawulela ukuguquguquka kwe-styrene. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa kwamazinga okuphila abantu kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuqwashisa kwabantu ngempilo yabo kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, kuyindaba yesikhathi kuphela ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ofanele udingeke ezweni labathengi elingagcwele njengathi.

5.I-resin engagqwali

Enye yezindlela ezinkulu ezisetshenziswa ngayo inhlaka ye-polyester engagcwalisiwe ukumelana nokugqwala kwawo kumakhemikhali anjengama-organic solvents, ama-asidi, izisekelo, nosawoti. Ngokokwethulwa kochwepheshe benethiwekhi ye-resin engagcwalisiwe, ama-resin amanje angagqwali ahlukaniswe abe izigaba ezilandelayo: (1) uhlobo lwe-o-benzene; (2) uhlobo lwe-iso-benzene; (3) uhlobo lwe-p-benzene; (4) uhlobo lwe-bisphenol A; (5) Uhlobo lwe-vinyl ester; nezinye ezifana nohlobo lwexylene, uhlobo lwenhlanganisela ene-halogen, njll. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ocwaningo oluqhubekayo olwenziwa izizukulwane ezimbalwa zososayensi, ukugqwala kwenhlaka kanye nendlela yokumelana nokugqwala kuye kwacwaningwa kahle. I-resin ilungiswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengokwethula uhlaka lwamangqamuzana okunzima ukumelana nokugqwala lube yinhlaka ye-polyester engagcwele, noma ukusebenzisa i-polyester engagcwele, i-vinyl ester ne-isocyanate ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo senethiwekhi esingena ngaphakathi, esibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ngcono ukumelana nokugqwala. kwe-resin. Ukumelana nokugqwala kusebenza kakhulu, futhi i-resin ekhiqizwa indlela yokuxuba i-acid resin nayo ingafinyelela ukumelana nokugqwala okungcono.

Uma kuqhathaniswa neama-epoxy resins,izindleko eziphansi kanye nokucutshungulwa okulula kwezinhlayiya ze-polyester ezingasetshenzisiwe zibe izinzuzo ezinkulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe benetha ye-resin engagcwele, ukumelana nokugqwala kweresin ye-polyester engagcwele, ikakhulukazi ukumelana ne-alkali, kuphansi kakhulu kunokwe-epoxy resin. Ayikwazi ukufaka esikhundleni se-epoxy resin. Njengamanje, ukukhuphuka kwama-anti-corrosion floor kuye kwadala amathuba nezinselele zama-polyester resins angagcwele. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlayiya ezikhethekile zokulwa nokubola kunamathemba abanzi.

I-drtgf (3)

6.Gel ijazi resin

I-drtgf (4)

Ijazi le-gel lidlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni ezihlanganisiwe. Ayidlali nje indima yokuhlobisa ebusweni bemikhiqizo ye-FRP, kodwa futhi idlala indima ekuphikisweni kokugqoka, ukumelana nokuguga kanye nokumelana nokubola kwamakhemikhali. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abavela kunethiwekhi ye-resin engasetshenzisiwe, isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwe-gel coat resin ukuthuthukisa i-gel coat resin ene-low styrene volatilization, ukomisa kahle komoya kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okuqinile. Kunemakethe enkulu yamajazi ejeli angangeni ekushiseni kumareyini ejazi lejeli. Uma impahla ye-FRP icwiliswa emanzini ashisayo isikhathi eside, ama-blister azovela phezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokungena kancane kancane kwamanzi entweni eyinhlanganisela, amabhamuza angaphezulu azokhula kancane kancane. Ama-blisters ngeke athinte kuphela Ukubukeka kwejazi le-gel kuzonciphisa kancane kancane izakhiwo zamandla zomkhiqizo.

I-Cook Composites and Polymers Co. yaseKansas, eU.SA, isebenzisa izindlela ze-epoxy ne-glycidyl ether-terinated ukuze yenze inhlaka yejazi lejeli ene-viscosity ephansi kanye nokungazweli kahle kwamanzi nokuncibilika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani iphinde isebenzisa i-polyether polyol-modified and epoxy-terinated resin A (flexible resin) kanye ne-dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)-modified resin B (rigid resin) compound, zombili ezine-Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa, i-resin enokumelana namanzi ayikwazi. babe nokumelana kwamanzi okuhle kuphela, kodwa futhi babe nokuqina okuhle namandla. Izincibilikisi noma ezinye izinto ezinamangqamuzana aphansi zingena ohlelweni lwempahla ye-FRP ngongqimba lwejazi lejazi, lube inhlaka engangeni emanzini enezici ezinhle kakhulu ezihlanganisayo.

7.Light ukuphulukisa unsaturated polyester resin

Izici zokuphulukisa ukukhanya ze-polyester resin engagcwalisiwe ziyimpilo ende yebhodwe kanye nesivinini sokuphulukisa ngokushesha. Izinhlayiya ze-polyester ezingagcwele zingahlangabezana nezidingo zokunciphisa ukuvuvukalisa kwe-styrene ngokuphulukiswa okukhanyayo. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwama-photosensitizers kanye namadivayisi okukhanyisa, isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwama-resin photocurable senziwe. Izinsalela ze-polyester ezingagcwalisiwe ezilapheka nge-UV zenziwe ngempumelelo futhi zafakwa ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi obukhulu. Izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, ukusebenza kwenqubo kanye nokumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu kuyathuthukiswa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza nakho kuyathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa le nqubo.

8.I-resin ebiza kancane enezakhiwo ezikhethekile

Ama-resin anjalo ahlanganisa ama-resin anegwebu nama-resin aqueous. Njengamanje, ukushoda kwamandla ezinkuni kunomkhuba okhuphukayo ebangeni. Kukhona nokushoda kwabasebenzi abanamakhono abasebenza embonini yokulungisa izinkuni, futhi laba basebenzi baya ngokuya beholelwa. Izimo ezinjalo zidala izimo zokuthi amapulasitiki obunjiniyela angene emakethe yezinkuni. Ama-resin anegwebu angenalutho kanye nama-resin anamanzi azothuthukiswa njengezinkuni zokwenziwa embonini yefenisha ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi kanye nezakhiwo zamandla aphezulu. Uhlelo lokusebenza luzohamba kancane ekuqaleni, futhi ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula, lolu hlelo lokusebenza luzothuthukiswa ngokushesha.

Izinsalela ze-polyester ezingafakwanga zingafakwa amagwebu ukuze zenze ama-resin anegwebu angasetshenziswa njengamaphaneli odonga, abahlukanisi bezindlu zangasese ezakhiwe ngaphambilini, nokunye. Ukuqina namandla epulasitiki enegwebu ene-polyester resin engagcwele njengoba i-matrix ingcono kune-PS enegwebu; kulula ukucubungula kune-PVC enegwebu; izindleko ziphansi kunalezo zepulasitiki ye-polyurethane enegwebu, futhi ukungezwa kwama-flame retardants nakho kungayenza i-flame retardant futhi inqande ukuguga. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kwe-resin sebuthuthukisiwe ngokugcwele, ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyester engagcwalisiwe ye-polyester resin ifenisha akuzange kunakwe kakhulu. Ngemva kophenyo, abanye abakhiqizi be-resin banesithakazelo esikhulu ekuthuthukiseni lolu hlobo olusha lwezinto. Ezinye izingqinamba ezinkulu (ukusula isikhumba, ukwakheka kwekhekheba lezinyosi, ubudlelwano besikhathi se-gel-foaming, ukulawulwa kwejika elishisayo akukaxazululwa ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano. Kuze kube yilapho kutholakala impendulo, le resin ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi Embonini yefenisha. Kanye lezi zinkinga ziyaxazululwa, le resin izosetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni ezifana ne-foam flame retardant materials kunokusebenzisa nje umnotho wayo.

Izinhlayiya ze-polyester ezingenalutho eziqukethe amanzi zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: uhlobo oluncibilikayo emanzini kanye nohlobo lwe-emulsion. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960 phesheya, kube khona amalungelo obunikazi kanye nemibiko yezincwadi kule ndawo. I-resin enamanzi iwukwengeza amanzi njengesigcwalisi se-polyester resin engagcwalisiwe enhlaka ngaphambi kwejeli ye-resin, futhi okuqukethwe kwamanzi kungaba phezulu ku-50%. I-resin enjalo ibizwa nge-WEP resin. I-resin inezici zezindleko eziphansi, isisindo esilula ngemva kokuphulukiswa, ukuhlehlisa ilangabi elihle kanye nokuncipha okuphansi. Ukuthuthukiswa nokucwaninga kwe-resin equkethe amanzi ezweni lami kwaqala ngawo-1980, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside. Mayelana nesicelo, isetshenziswe njenge-ejenti yokubambelela. I-aqueous unsaturated polyester resin iwuhlobo olusha lwe-UPR. Ubuchwepheshe kulabhorethri buya ngokuya buvuthwa, kodwa luncane ucwaningo mayelana nesicelo. Izinkinga ezidinga ukuxazululwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuzinza kwe-emulsion, ezinye izinkinga ohlelweni lokuphulukisa nokubumba, kanye nenkinga yokuvunyelwa kwamakhasimende. Ngokuvamile, inhlaka ye-polyester engagcwele amathani angu-10,000 ingakhiqiza cishe amathani angu-600 amanzi angcolile minyaka yonke. Uma i-shrinkage ekhiqizwa inqubo yokukhiqiza i-polyester resin engasetshenzisiwe isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-resin enamanzi, izonciphisa izindleko ze-resin futhi ixazulule inkinga yokukhiqiza ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Sisebenza kule mikhiqizo elandelayo ye-resin: i-polyester resin engasetshenzisiwe;i-vinyl resin; i-gel coat resin; i-epoxy resin.

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